Contamination
- Entry of MQL, KSS and other machining oils
- Smoke and silicate residues from conventional welding processes
- Machining residues from friction stir welding
- Burrs and chips from cutting, milling and other abrasive processes
- Fiber, particle and aerosol residues from the environment
- Oxide layer and other adhesion and welding barriers at the molecular level
- Chips and flux residues in circuit boards